
Proving a Fourteenth Amendment due process violation in an excessive use of force case requires proof that the officers’ actions “shocked the conscience.” While “shocking the conscience” is a necessary element of an alleged Fourteenth Amendment violation, it is not an element of a Fourth Amendment excessive force violation. However, a decedent’s Fourth Amendment rights, where it is alleged that excessive force was used against a decedent, are personal rights which may not be vicariously ....