A police officer using his spotlight to illuminate the inside of a person’s car is not a detention absent additional factors that would indicated to a reasonable person that he is not free to leave.

Using a passenger’s Fourth Waiver as justification for a vehicle search requires a balancing of the likelihood that contraband was secreted in the area searched with the vehicle owner’s privacy interests.

Once an in-custody suspect invokes his Miranda rights, it is improper for a police interrogator to say anything that could be interpreted as “badgering” the suspect into changing his mind.

Yelling at a person while calling them names constitutes a violation of Pen. Code § 415(2); Disturbing the Peace. A detainee refusing to identify himself to a peace officer may be a violation of Pen. Code § 148(a)(1).

A detention during a traffic stop lawfully includes the time it takes an officer to complete the mission of the traffic stop. A hearing to challenge material omissions in a search warrant requires the defendant to first make a substantial…